Fringe of leaves essays

Fringe of leaves essays Recently there have been huge concerns over the excessive use of water in Australia and the resulting impact on our environment. We all realize that it is necassary to preserve our water, especially since we live in the dryest inhabited continent. there are many ways that science can help us to do this. Technology can help us to recycle waste water, storm water and rain water. what can happen is that there can be different systems for certain things that require water. this is allready often used in the home when basin water is reused in out toilets, a very clever idea since each flush of the toilet uses about 11 L of water! Much of our water is supplied by the murray river. infact we are incredibly relient on it as it supplied water to.... towns and cities. But abuse and over use have left the murray damaged and the water flow disturbed. To help fix this problem it has been decided to drain a lake to help replenish the murray water flow. This is dirrectly related to science as i can't imagine it would be easy to transfer all that water without the use of very tecnologically advanced machinary. Plus scientists of many kinds to ensure the ecosystem isn't disrupted, especially a hydrologist to moniter the flow and determine safe amounts of water input and so on, as well as marine biologists to study the possible effects on the wildlife. Science has recently been used in the Yarra Valley to help conserve our water. Tiny little sensors (called micro eletrical sensors) have been invented that can be placed at strategic places around a property that pick up all kinds of information such as wind speed and direction and air and soil moisture. this will help farmers to grow wine with less water and chemicals as they will know where irrigation is needed, often in advance. These sensors used to be big and expensive, but this newest model is a huge feat due to its size (4mm square) and lesser cost ...

How to obtain your dream job These tips and tools will help you

How to obtain your dream job These tips and tools will help you Your dream job might just be around the corner, how exciting is that? The fact that you’re reading this article probably means that it’s closer than you think. However, securing a job is renowned for being one of the most difficult things to do in this day and age, and that’s just securing any old job! To help you land your dream job, here is a list of tips and tools that can help you nail the company’s recruitment process to get you the job you deserve to be in.Be ready for anythingIf you’re proactively job searching right now, it’s important that you make sure that you’re ready to apply at any time. According to LinkedIn statistics, you’re 13% more likely to secure a job if you apply within the first three days. This means you need to be ready to go at a moment’s notice.Stay motivatedBefore going any further, it’s important to note that you’ll need to stay positive throughout the entire job application pro cess. You might not get the first pick for the job you wanted, but that doesn’t mean that you won’t find your dream job. There’s plenty of companies and businesses out there with similar jobs; it’s all about finding the right one for you.Richard J. Davis, a motivational writer for Paper Fellows, explains, â€Å"It can be very disheartening when you don’t get a job that you applied for, but you think it could have been the one. However, you don’t need to get yourself down about it. Instead, pick yourself, write a list of reasons why you think you didn’t get the position this time and don’t do it again!†Ensure your CV reads wellWhile on the subject of reading through your CV to ensure that all the little details are accurate, make sure that you’re also on the lookout of your sentence structure. This means checking your grammar to ensure that your sentences flow nicely and your potential recruiter can absorb your inf ormation easily.If a recruiter is finding it too hard to read your CV, the chances are that they’ll simply dismiss it. To refresh your knowledge of grammar, head over to State of Writing for the most up to date guides and resources.Ensuring your CV is accurateImagine you were the recruiter in charge of recruiting for your dream job. Imagine you were reading through every application and CV and you get to yours. If it was full of spelling mistakes, typos and errors. Would you put you into the next recruitment stage?The chances are that you probably wouldn’t unless you were bad at your job. According to statistics, about 1 in 3 CVs have typos so it if yours was perfect, you’re very likely to stand out from the crowd.It’s vital that you proofread your both your CV and your cover to ensure that every detail is perfect. This will give you the best chance of securing your place in the interview stage. For editing and guidelines on proofreading your work, get a CV writing help.Networking is essentialIf you don’t have LinkedIn and you’re on the lookout for a professional job, you need to sign up, now, LinkedIn is the largest professional network in the world and no matter what company you want to work for, you can bet your bottom dollar that some of the people you need to know are on there.Once you’ve found the company online, start to follow the people that are in similar roles to you. This will help you to identify several key points, including the company culture, the type of company you want to work for and what type of people the company employs.About the author:Brenda Berg is a professional with over 15 years of experience in business management, marketing and entrepreneurship. Consultant and tutor for college students and entrepreneurs. She believes that constant learning is the only way to success. You can visit her personal blog at Letsgoandlearn.com

Life between the city and village Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Life between the city and village - Essay Example No wonder many social interactions and new ventures are initiated in the cities (Leuzzi, 1995). However, despite the fact that the village is less advance than the cities in terms of the social amenities and the advance facilities, the cultural identity is real and this is directly correlated to the attitudes and ideologies of the village dwellers (Klinkenborg, 2003). Village dwellers tend to be more welcoming and friendly. In fact the love that runs deep down the villagers makes them consider everyone around them as a brother or a sister. Village lifestyle is also free of pollution and less overcrowded. The air too is fresh and less polluted that why many village dwellers are considered healthier than individuals from the city (Hillyard, 2007). As a conclusion, life may seem very enjoyable in the cities due to the many opportunities and the social amenities available but village life is likewise unique and less stressful, healthier as it is warm and welcoming to

Corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Corporate governance - Essay Example ts relation to growth and development of companies and also the scandals that arise where good governance is eliminated and the ways in which these scandals can be eliminated in businesses through proper regulation and legal control. Corporate governance in UK dates back to the growing anxiety in 2002 where corporate scandals had started being experienced in the US. UK set up the Smith committee and the Higgs committee to investigate these failures and the reports were evident of the latent manegiarialism in companies. This raised concerns on integrity of the managerial system of companies. It was argued that high-quality corporate governance was supposed to reduce costs and improve good working conditions of the workers. It was caught up in a scandal in 2008 in which there was an asset scandal which led to loss of value of the bank’s shares. It had a win- win situation where traders who won were rewarded hand those who lost their money to the bank. This was a short term performance that led to the loss of the value. They could have used a much longer term performance. It has been up with a number of controversies e.g. that of environmental pollution particularly in African countries. In 1990 protesters were against the company’s environmental record because of the possible pollution that was caused by the proposed disposal of Brent spar. This was a platform in the North Sea. Shell reversed the decision despite the massive support it received from the United Kingdom government. It maintained that the sinking of the platform would also have done better for the environment than the revised decision. Shell had also another scandal in 2004 of overstatement of oil reserves. This resulted to the loss of confidence of investors and stakeholders for the group. The financial services authority fined them 17million Euros. This also saw the departure of Phillip Warts. In Africa, it has led to environmental issues some of which are very extreme. Many pipes are much

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Essay -- Science Energy Power Papers

Hydrogen Fuel Cell The Hydrogen Fuel Cell could revolutionize the world. This ingenious technology, which creates electricity from the chemical reactions of hydrogen and oxygen has, in its 150-year history, passed many of the critical tests along the path from invention to innovation. Recent developments in fuel cell technology and concurrent developments within the energy and automotive industries have brought the world to brink of the fuel cell age and the hydrogen economy. The future is, however, inherently murky. Fuel cells still face significant technological, political and economic hurdles before they can realize their truly awesome potential. An examination of these hurdles, set to the backdrop of an explanation of the current state of the art in fuel cell technology and the current and developing economic and regulatory landscape, will provide insights into much touted future of the fuel cell. In the near future, the fuel cell will come to play a much more prominent role in the world energy economy. The extent to which this innovation will revolutionize the world will depend on any number of technological, economic and political factors. In order to understand the potential impact and resulting policy implications of the fuel cell, it is first necessary to explain the technology of the fuel cell. The fuel cell utilizes the chemical properties of hydrogen to produce an electrical current. "...[T]hey produce an electric current by intercepting the electrons that flow from one reactant to the other in an electrochemical reaction."1 Fuel cells require only a fuel containing hydrogen and oxygen, usually from atmospheric air, to produce electricity. A fuel cell that utilizes pure hydrogen produces this electricity le... ... Tax leads to burial at sea," New Scientist, 3 August 1996. "English Conference of the Parties," Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change." http://www.cnn.com/SPECICALS/1997/global.warming/stories/treat/index4.html "Cleaner Energy," The Economist. 18 April 1998. p17. Ibid. Ibid. "Climate Change Information Sheet 24," UNFCCC Climate Change Information Kit. http://www.unfccc.de/resource/iuckit/fact24.html "Emission Summary for CO2 in United States of America," United Nations Framework Convention of Climate Change. 11/18/99. http://www.unfccc.de The Economist. 18 April 1998. New Scientist, 3 August 1996. "Fill'er Up: With Hydrogen," Reuters, 16 August, 1999. Available on Wired News, http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,21293,00.html. "Fuel cells meet big business," The Economist. 24 July 1999. Ibid Ibid

Invisible Man Satire Essay

Nov 12, 2012 – Invisible Man Satire Many of the characters and places in Invisible Man have satirical names that represent the place or character’s importance †¦ Satirical Intent of Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison by Jessica Davis on †¦ prezi.com/†¦/satirical-intent-of-invisible-man-by-ralph-ellison/‎ Mar 4, 2013 – Presented by: Jessica Davis Rachel Wolf Dylan Hoover Kameron Smith Satirical Intent Greenwood The Golden Day Liberty Paints Dr. A. NOVELS: The Invisible Man – Library library.thinkquest.org/23846/library/novels/theinvis_01_nov.html‎ Aug 31, 1998 – The Invisible Man begins with the narrator recalling his grandfather’s last †¦ This book is written as a satire of the myth of American success. Things Left Unseen — Humour in Invisible Man | Authentically Satirical lamorea.wordpress.com/2012/03/29/things-left-unseen-invisible-man/‎ Mar 29, 2012 – I urge you to listen to this song in the background when reading this post, as the song is very famously listened to by the Narrator in the novel. Modern Day Satire – The Invisible Man – Listen and discover music †¦ www.last.fm/music/Modern+Day+Satire/_/The+Invisible+Man‎ Dec 17, 2009 – Listen to Modern Day Satire – The Invisible Man for free. The Invisible Man appears on the album Astrum Mos Veho Vos Domum. Rock. People †¦ [PDF] Invisible Man Study Guide The Picture Frame The Satire Begins www.olearyweb.com/classes/amlit010/assignments/IMStudyguide(ed).pdf‎ Invisible Man Study Guide. The Picture Frame. Directions: Read the following information before answering the questions. Be prepared to discuss your. SparkNotes: Invisible Man: Analysis of Major Characters www.sparknotes.com †º †¦ †º Literature Study Guides †º Invisible Man‎ Analysis of the major characters in Invisible Man, focusing on their personalities, motivations, relationships, and their roles in the themes of Invisible Man. Tools of Characterization in Invisible Man – Shmoop www.shmoop.com †º Literature †º Invisible Man‎ Shmoop guide to Tools of Characterization in Invisible Man. Tools of Characterization analysis by Ph.D. and Masters students from Stanford, Harvard, and †¦ What kind of ironic devices can be found in Invisible Man by Ralph †¦ answers.yahoo.com †º †¦ †º Arts & Humanities †º Books & Authors‎ Nov 12, 2007 – Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison. Study Guides These links will give you a chapter by chapter summary of the book, character analysis, plot and much †¦ [PDF] The Satire Begins – Chapters 1-2 aplitcomp.edublogs.org/files/2009/03/satire-begins.pdf‎ Invisible Man. By Ralph Ellison. THE SATIRE BEGINS. Ralph Ellison uses many of devices available to the satirist. Though they are just a sampling, these †¦

Examining Change In Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2962 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) is the largest telecommunication service provider in Pakistan. It has 30,000 employees and 5.7 million customers. PTCL is the leading Infrastructure Provider to the other telecom operators and corporate customer of Pakistan. PTCL provides a variety of up-to-date home user, corporate and wholesale communication services e.g. telephone, internet, television, video conferencing etc in every part of Pakistan. Geographically the company is divided into: Headquarters, North, South, Central, and West Zones and functionally in Commercial, HR Admin, Corporate Development, Finance, Operations, Technical departments. On 16th august 2010 PTCL employees went on strike against management for not increasing their salaries in accordance with the government decision in 2008.which badly effects PTCL customers, as the whole network was running at its own with no maintenance and operation at all. As a result its after sale and support services for voice, IPTV, DSL, broadband, Wireless Internet and Dial-up became poor. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Examining Change In Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited" essay for you Create order The major loss is in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa due to floods, also the rehabilitation works has not started there due to damaged system, including workers strike. On September 7th, 2010 strike has softened and Salaries and Bonuses were transferred to employees In 2006 a new shift in the ownership of the company has been taken place. Emirates Telecommunication Corporation, a Dubai based Telecom Company commonly known as Etisalat, assumed management control of PTCL as 26% Management Share of largest telecommunication company limited (PTCL) been sold out for some about US$ 2.6 billion. Emirate Telecommunication Company Etisalat Founded on August 30, 1976, the Emirates telecommunications Corporation-Eitsalat-provides telecommunication services to the United Arab Emirates, and is one of the leading service providers in the Middle East. Eitsalat is embracing new technologies, new philosophies and new ways of doing business. Eitsalat was one of the first to introduce mobile telephones in the Middle East in 1982 and launched the GSM Service in September 1994.Mr. Obaid the Chief Executive officer, Eitsalat says that the new Management will take steps for improving quality, reorganization and extension of PTCL service to more areas; he further added that technical staff might be sent to Africa and other countries after imparting additional training to them. Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (Eitsalat) was the highest bidder for the acquisition of a 26 per cent stake in Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Limited (PTCL). This latest win reflects the determination of Etisalat to strengthen its position as t he leading telecommunications company in the region. The acquisition of 26 per cent of PTCL provides Eitsalat International access to the management of the company and a pool of experienced professionals. Subsidiary of PTCL PTCL is the exclusive provider of basic telephony in Pakistan .Besides providing fixed line, value added and other ancillary services, PTCL owns subsidiary that provides cellular services. Since its transformation from a public sector corporation into a publicly listed corporate entity in 1996, PTCL has implemented an aggressive restructuring program, the primary aim of which is to improve profitability through increased customer focus and efficiency and to prepare the company for the highly competitive environment UFONE The company commenced its operations, under the brand name of Ufone, from Islamabad on January 29, 2001.being a part of PTCL the management of Ufone has also been handed over to Etisalat after privatization. During the year July 2005 to June 2006, Ufone keep on getting success. As a result The Company expanded its coverage and has added new cities and highways.Ufone has network coverage in more than 4745 locations and in most part of the country. Ufone successfully completed the network expansion amounted to more than US Dollar 170 million which results in increase in the asset base of the Company from Rs. 20 billion to Rs.27billion.Ufone currently caters for International Roaming to more than 230 live operators in more than 130 countries and introduced International roaming facility for Prepaid subscribers in Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Portugal, Thailand, Cyprus, Bangladesh, Uzbekistan, Tunisia, Sri Lanka, Belgium and Kuwait with lowest rates, fea turing no security deposit and activation charges. GPRS Roaming facility is available with more than 115 Live Operators across 85 countries. The company also got a new License for providing cellular services in Azad Jammu Kashmir and Northern Areas. Company Background History of Telecommunication In Pakistan Posts Telegraph Department (PT) was established in 1947 and Pakistan Telephone Telegraph Department (TT) in 1962.The history of telecommunication in the Sub-Continent is as old as the history of our slavery. In the subcontinent, before Independence this sector was under the Indian Post Telegraph Department and developed as a successful industry. The role of telecommunication in Pakistan can be broadly divided into four phases. Pakistan Post Telegraph (PT) This department started its telephone service with only 12346 telephone lines and seven telegraph offices all over Pakistan. All the telephone system at that time was manual. This department worked up to 1962. At the time of independence the postal and telecommunication services were performed by a single department known as Pakistan Post Telegraph (PT). The Government of Pakistan adopted the Government of India Telegraph act 1885 to control and direct the activities of telecommunication. Pakistan Telephone Telegraph (TT) Pakistan Post and Pakistan Telephone Telegraph (PTT) under the presidential ordinance was the first step towards reforms in the telecommunication sector. It was made in 1962, when the Ayub Khans government decided to split up the PT department into two separate departments. Director General headed this department. DG has the decision making power, while the responsibilities were delegated to General Managers and Chief Engineers throughout the organization. The PTT were in fact a civil service department under the ministerial control. The PTT organizational structure had 20 Chief Engineers and General Managers reporting directly to the Director General. At the time of inception of PTC the total number of employees working in PTT was 45686 and the total network comprised of 922,000 telephone lines Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTC) A major breakthrough in the history of telecommunication in the country occurred with the gradual deregulation and privatization of TT. At the first stage Pakistan Telephone Telegraph Department (TT) was converted into a statutory corporation Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation. On December 15, 1990 the PTT department was transformed into Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation with a legal identity separate from the Government. With Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Ordinance 1991 government open the way for private competition and start awarding licenses for cellular phone and card operated pay phones. With this liberalization 1991 government of Pakistan decided to privatized PTC and use voucher method in 1994 for privatization that later were convertible to shares, total number of voucher was six million that were equal to 600 million shares at the rate Rs. 10 per share. The telecom sector was liberalized but PTCL was still the monopolist of the land line telephone service s. In 1996 Pakistan Telecommunication Company was formed and declared the monopoly for the basic telephony of the country with Pakistan Telecommunication (reorganization) Act 1996(Choudhary, et al., 2008) Four Bodies of PTCL Under the PTC Reorganization Act, 1996 the telecommunication sectors was split into four entities. Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) National Telecommunication Corporation(NTC) Frequency Allocation Board (FAB) Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) PTCL was established with a view to undertake the telecommunication business formally carried in Pakistan. Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTC) was transformed into Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) on January 1, 1996 under Pakistan Telecommunication Reorganization Act, 1996 according to which PTCL took over all the properties, assets, rights and obligations of PTC. Pakistan Telecommunication Authority Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) is a regulatory body responsible for monitoring the telecommunication business in Pakistan. It frames rules and regulations for private telecom companies such as Mobile Phone Companies, Internet service providers, paging companies and pay card phone companies. Moreover, issues licenses to the new companies entering into this business. National Telecommunication Corporation (NTC) National Telecommunication Corporation (NTC) is responsible to provide the telecommunication services to the various departments of government and armed services. Frequency Allocation Board Allocates radio frequency spectrum to the Government, providers of telecommunication services, radio and television broadcasting operators, public and private wireless operators and others. Privatization In December 1990 Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation was established to replace the Pakistan Telephone and Telegraph Department. In 1991 government of Pakistan showed its intention for the privatization of PTC for economic growth of country A consortium was hired for this purpose and as a result of his report government decided to sell out 26 % share capita along with management rights and converted it to limited company (PTCL, Internal Report). According to the privatization session of 1991-1992 12% share of Pakistan Telecommunication have been divested during 1994(Choudhary, et al., 2008; Kemal, 1999). One million exchangeable vouchers have been issued in august 1994. These issues were equal to 100 million shares and each has a value of Rs 10. In September 1994 five million vouchers have been issued to international investors. The value of these issues were $900 million from international and Rs.3 billion from domestic issue while the values of the voucher in first and second issues were Rs.3000 and 5500 respectively. the issues of 26 % management share was still a controversy, the Government continued its mission by issuing Notes with 150 million US dollar worth to international investor in 1997. The Notes were convertible to fully paid A class ordinary shares of PTCL and these were 3.3 % of the total share capital issued. In august 1997 foreign receivable has been securitized successfully obtaining 250 million US dollar to GOP. In 1995 a new financial advisor was hired by Privatization commission for the implementation of strategic sale (26% management shares) but the new governments suspended the services of the financial advisor (Deutsche Morgan Grenfell), and in 1998 hire the M/S Goldman Sachs International to provide advisory services on PTCL privatization (PTCL, Internal Report).The Financial Advisor (Goldman Sachs International) has start working and established a data room at the head quarter of PTCL where all possible information that is related to PTCL were available to facilitate the team. Government approved the proposed policy and decided to complete the Re-regulation by December 2003, major steps has been taken on legal and regulatory measures, PTA granted license to PTML (Ufone) and proposed DSI regulation for tariff and licensing has also been accepted (PTCL, Internal Report). At last in April 2006 control of the Pakistan Telecommunication corporation was handed over to Etisalat(UAE based company), Etisalat assume the control of the company by paying 2.6 billion US dollar to buy 26% share with management right in PTCL. With the control of PTCL Etisalat also assume the control of Ufone, one the top class mobile service provider subsidiary of PTCL (PTCL subsidiary) PTCL also signed a contract with Emaar to provide information and telecommunication technology services to household in Karachi and Islamabad. After this agreement PTCL is the only services provider that offer ICT to two big project of Emaar Pakistan, every household and office will be connected through fiber optics (PTCL, PTCL signed contract with Emaar). Impact on Competition The Re-regulation in telecom sector has positive effects; people now have more Choices and easy access to value added services at cheaper prices. The intensive competition in all parts of telecom sector has momentous decrease in the tariffs of different telecom services. With the privatization and Re-regulation of PTCL many Competitors have entered in Pakistani market. Paktel and Instaphone were entered in Pakistan telecom industry in 1990 and in 1994 Mobilink started its function. In 2001, Ufone, a supplementary part of PTCL entered in the market and in 2005 both Warid and Telenor one by one started their services (uz Zaman, et al.) From the year 2000 there is tremendous increase in the cellular users. Mobilink is the largest cellular company with the highest number of users, compare to Ufone. Currently 79% population in Punjab has mobile phones, 75% in Sindh, 34% in Baluchistan, 63% in N.W.F.P. and overall 73.3% of population in Pakistan enjoying this facility (uz Zaman, et al.).Zong (previously Paktel) has great share in the cellular market. Latest data from PTA shows that Telenor rise to number two and Warid telecom is becoming more popular and capturing market share with the high pace as compare to other traditional rivals. Within 4 year of time Telenor has reached to the second largest cellular mobile company after Mobilink with subscribers of approx.19 million (PTA, Cellular subscriber). With the arrival of competitors there is decreasing trend in PTCL landline and WLL subscribers. In 2000 there were 3.05 million fixed line subscribers and till 2005 there is increasing trend in the fixed line subscribers (5 million fixed line subscribers), but after the year 2005 and with the entrance of competitors its fixed land line subscribers decrease and reached at 3.58 million. This is not just PTCL whose subscribers decrease but also Instaphone and Paktel who lost their market. Instaphone is currently operating with bellow 1% market share in some backward area and Paktel was coming down and down when Zong overtake and buy the company (PTA, fixed line subscribers). This was just due to obsolete technology. A great number of local and foreign companies are competing in Pakistan It includes both fixed line (wired and WLL) and cellular. Although current operator still has monopoly position in fixed line due to its strong infrastructure, yet major competition has been emerged in Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and this market is directing towards full competition with the entrance of some financially strong companies. The Value-added services market, including Internet and Pay Card phones, is already in full competition (Shahid, Shou-lian, Liu). The raise in the number of telecom service subscribers can be linked with the convenience of service and with the growth in the teledensity. Expansion of fixed line subscribers (200,000- 300,000)/year were projected on the bases of construction of new residential dwelling units, new shops for small businesses and registration of new businesses with the Corporate Law Authority (Choudhary, et al., 2008). The subscriber growth and teledensity rate was insufficient before PTC era. Switching TT into PTC and then to PTCL helped the fixed network development, and increase in teledensity. With the introduction of Competition in fixed and mobile line has major impact on the users and the teledensity. The projection by Choudhary, et.al. pointed towards the teledensity which was continue to increase for the next 10 years and will reach to its peak up to 2018. At the same time, the growth in internet, WLL technologies broadband and investment in telecommunication sector will also increase with t he slow pace for the next 10 years. (Choudhary, et al., 2008).But the figure available on PTA website shows that there is a decline in the fixed line services from 2006 to 2009. This is just in wired line connection but the wireless local loop has an increasing trend in its teledensity and also subscribers. Source: PTA, Fixed line Subscriber Financial Aspects of PTCL PTCL was one of the Pakistan profits earning Telecom Company. After getting Privatized PTCL is losing its base as its subscription declined from 5.12 million to 4.40 million in 2008.While the revenue declined from Rupees 69085 million in 2006 to RS. 61,085 million in 2008. Similarly the Profit after tax in 2006 was some about Rs. 20777 million while in 2008 there is a loss of Rs. 2825 million. The financial statement shows a continuous growth till 2006 while after privatization the company is facing severe financial shortcomings (PTCL limited). In the last few years the impact of Re-regulation and increase of competition in the telecommunication industry of Pakistan has been increasingly mounting pressure on PTCL. PTCL has launched its profit of Rs. 15.64 billion for the period of 2007 compare to last year profit of 20.78 billion. The decreasing trend in the profit was due to the structural change brought by the competitors in the telecom market. PTCL remain leader in fixed line, however there was decrease in revenue by 5.5% due to huge entry of different telecom companies in the market. There was increase in operation expenses by 11.7% mostly due to systematic developments in the operations and customer service and provisions for doubtful debts. The total revenue for the financial year 2006-07 was Rs.65.28 billion against the previous year revenue of 69.09 billion. The main reasons for the reductions in the revenue are reductions in tariffs and heavy competition in the market. (PTCL, Annual Report 2007) To succeed in this highly competitive telecom market and to meet the increasing challenges, PTCL has taken certain necessary steps for organizational revolution. These steps include Enterprise Resource Planning Packages, introduction implementation of Voluntary Separation Scheme (VSS), as well as penetrating new innovated services. However, the profitability of the Company for the year ended June 30, 2008 suffered due to amalgamation of a massive VSS cost amounting to Rs. 23.94 billion. Because of these steps company bears a net loss of Rs. 2.82 billion against previous years net profit of Rs. 15.64 billion. As discussed above the decreasing trend the subscriber and the ultimate affect on the revenue is not just for PTCL but also for two other companies who have the largest share in the cellular market (PTCL, Annual Report 2008). Another reason for the decrease in the revenue is the decrease in the tariff, there is huge decrease in the international tariff from Rs.26/per minute to Rs. 2/per minute so it ultimately affect the revenue.The total revenue for financial year 2007-08 was Rs. 61.09 billion compares to previous year revenue of Rs. 65.28 billion. The decreasing trend in the revenue was due to huge penetration by mobile business and tight market competition. Due to improved operational controls, the Company managed to reduce its operating costs to Rs. 44.7 billion as compared to Rs. 46.6 billion in 2007. The non-operational income of the company is also affected by the huge outflow of the financial reserves in the shape of VSS (Voluntary Separation Scheme). But the implementation of VSS scheme can help the company to understand certain savings in the last quarter against allowances and salaries. (PTCL, Annual Report, year ended June 30, 2008). Source: PTCL, Annual Report, year ended June 30, 2008